Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule responsible for the coding, decoding, control and expression of genes in various biological roles. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and along with lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, they are the four main macromolecules central to all known life forms. As with DNA, RNA is assembled as a nucleotide chain

Several RNA molecules play an active role within cells by catalyzing biological reactions, regulating the expression of genes, or detecting and transmitting cellular signal responses. One such active process is protein synthesis, a universal mechanism in which RNA molecules guide protein synthesis to ribosomes

RNA's chemical composition is very similar to DNA's but varies in three major ways

1. Unlike double-stranded DNA, RNA in many of its biological functions is a single-stranded molecule and consists of much shorter nucleotide chains

2. While the sugar-phosphate "backbone" of DNA contains deoxyribose, RNA contains ribose instead. ibose has a hydroxyl group attached to the pentose ring in the 2' position, whereas deoxyribose does not

3. The complementary base to adenine in DNA is thymine, whereas uracil is an unmethylated type of thymine in RNA

Availability of mRNA controls the rate of translation. The 3’ terminal sequence of 16S RNA, recognize shine Dilgarno sequence and initiation codon (AUG). Availability as well as primary structure of this region, to ribosomal particles, contributes towards translation initiation and strength. Distance between RBS and start codon effects binding with 16S RNA. Greater than 12 and less than 5 nucleotides decrease the initiation rate of translation

Recombinant protein expression in expression host can be improved by mRNA stability, codon bias, and controlling inclusion bodies formation and changing genetic tools in different combinations. Expression system of E. coli is used, and insulin is made from its precursor proinsulin, expressed as inclusion bodies and made catalytically active by refolding

Authors can submit their manuscript related to DNA, RNA and genetics, geneome related topic as an email attachment to the mentioned mail ids genetech@peerjournals.com or genetechnol@molbioljournal.org

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