Genes and their Association with Some Productive and Reproductive

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Chromosomal polymorphism is a disorder of genetics where one population includes members of different counts or shapes of the chromosome. Polymorphism is a general phenomenon in biology where a population includes more than one variant of a trait. In certain instances, with different counts, the variation in chromosome numbers is the product of a single chromosome being split into two smaller chromosomes, or two being fused, where two chromosomes join together to form one.

Implications for speciation: All types of chromosome polymorphism can be seen as a step in the direction of speciation. Polymorphisms will generally result in a level of reduced fertility, because some gametes from one parent cannot successfully combine with all gametes of the other parent. However, this problem doesn't occur when both parents possess similar chromosomal patterns. Further mutations do not flow in one group as quick as they do within the group in which it initially happened in the other group.

Poultry industry occupies a prominent role as a major source of supply of animal protein for human consumption and over the years, poultry industry development has followed a trend closely influenced by the countries' economic fortunes. Poultry is important in genetic science because of viability of breeding

Growth hormone: The growth hormone (GH) is responsible for many metabolic processes, such as development, reproduction, puberty and immune responses, and through its receptor organizes these functions in cells

Growth hormone receptor: The growth hormone receptor gene (GHR) is a Type 1 superfamily member of a cytokine with a molecular weight of 71500 Dalton and codes a protein with 638 amino acids as the GH membrane receptor. The gene for the chicken growth hormone receptor (cGHR) has 10 exons and 9 introns on chromosome Z

The insulin-like growth factor I: The I gene (IGF-I) insulin-like growth factor is located on chromosome 1 and has 4 exons and 3 introns in chickens. This gene has a size of 50 kbp which codes one single chain peptide with 70 amino acids

The insulin-like growth factor binding protein II: The insulin-like growth factor binding protein II gene (IGFBPII) is about 38 kbp on chromosome 7, with four short exons and three long introns and 275 amino acids.

Most of the economic characteristics of livestock production show continuous variability, though their underlying genetic character is very complex. Owing to the prevalence of neutral polymorphisms that have spread across the genome, chromosomal areas can be found with genes that cause these traits

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